大家好,今天给大家分享 18 个 Python 初学者常有的坏习惯,这些坏习惯不仅影响 Python 代码的可读性,而且 影响 Python 的运行性能,摒弃这些坏习惯并以 Pythonic 的方式编写代码,提高的不仅仅是你的代码质量,也给阅读代码的人留下好印象。Python编程学习资料点击领取
废话不多说,我们开始学习吧!
1、拼接字符串用 + 号
坏的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 | def manual_str_formatting(name, subscribers): if subscribers > 100000: print("Wow " + name + "! you have " + str(subscribers) + " subscribers!") else: print("Lol " + name + " that's not many subs") |
好的做法是使用 f-string,而且效率会更高:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | def manual_str_formatting(name, subscribers): # better if subscribers > 100000: print(f"Wow {name}! you have {subscribers} subscribers!") else: print(f"Lol {name} that's not many subs") |
2、使用 finaly 而不是上下文管理器
坏的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | def finally_instead_of_context_manager(host, port): s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) try: s.connect((host, port)) s.sendall(b'Hello, world') finally: s.close() |
好的做法是使用上下文管理器,即使发生异常,也会关闭 socket::
| 1 2 3 4 5 | def finally_instead_of_context_manager(host, port): # close even if exception with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s: s.connect((host, port)) s.sendall(b'Hello, world') |
3、尝试手动关闭文件
坏的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 | def manually_calling_close_on_a_file(filename): f = open(filename, "w") f.write("hello!\n") f.close() |
好的做法是使用上下文管理器,即使发生异常,也会自动关闭文件,凡是有上下文管理器的,都应该首先采用:
| 1 2 3 4 | def manually_calling_close_on_a_file(filename): with open(filename) as f: f.write("hello!\n") # close automatic, even if exception |
4、except 后面什么也不写
坏的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | def bare_except(): while True: try: s = input("Input a number: ") x = int(s) break except: # oops! can't CTRL-C to exit print("Not a number, try again") |
这样会捕捉所有异常,导致按下 CTRL-C 程序都不会终止,好的做法是
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | def bare_except(): while True: try: s = input("Input a number: ") x = int(s) break except Exception: # 比这更好的是用 ValueError print("Not a number, try again") |
5、函数参数使用可变对象
如果函数参数使用可变对象,那么下次调用时可能会产生非预期结果,坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | def mutable_default_arguments(): def append(n, l=[]): l.append(n) return l l1 = append(0) # [0] l2 = append(1) # [0, 1] |
好的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | def mutable_default_arguments(): def append(n, l=None): if l is None: l = [] l.append(n) return l l1 = append(0) # [0] l2 = append(1) # [1] |
6、从不用推导式
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 | squares = {} for i in range(10): squares[i] = i * i |
好的做法
| 1 | odd_squares = {i: i * i for i in range(10)} |
7、推导式用的上瘾
推导式虽然好用,但是不可以牺牲可读性,坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 | c = [ sum(a[n * i + k] * b[n * k + j] for k in range(n)) for i in range(n) for j in range(n) ] |
好的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 | c = [] for i in range(n): for j in range(n): ij_entry = sum(a[n * i + k] * b[n * k + j] for k in range(n)) c.append(ij_entry) |
8、检查类型是否一致用 ==
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | def checking_type_equality(): Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y']) p = Point(1, 2) if type(p) == tuple: print("it's a tuple") else: print("it's not a tuple") |
好的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | def checking_type_equality(): Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y']) p = Point(1, 2) # probably meant to check if is instance of tuple if isinstance(p, tuple): print("it's a tuple") else: print("it's not a tuple") |
9、用 == 判断是否单例
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | def equality_for_singletons(x): if x == None: pass if x == True: pass if x == False: pass |
好的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | def equality_for_singletons(x): # better if x is None: pass if x is True: pass if x is False: pass |
10、判断一个变量用 bool(x)
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | def checking_bool_or_len(x): if bool(x): pass if len(x) != 0: pass |
好的做法
| 1 2 3 4 | def checking_bool_or_len(x): # usually equivalent to if x: pass |
11、使用类 C 风格的 for 循环
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | def range_len_pattern(): a = [1, 2, 3] for i in range(len(a)): v = a[i] ... b = [4, 5, 6] for i in range(len(b)): av = a[i] bv = b[i] ... |
好的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | def range_len_pattern(): a = [1, 2, 3] # instead for v in a: ... # or if you wanted the index for i, v in enumerate(a): ... # instead use zip for av, bv in zip(a, b): ... |
12、不实用 dict.items
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 | def not_using_dict_items(): d = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3} for key in d: val = d[key] ... |
好的做法
| 1 2 3 4 | def not_using_dict_items(): d = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3} for key, val in d.items(): ... |
13、解包元组使用索引
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 | mytuple = 1, 2 x = mytuple[0] y = mytuple[1] |
好的做法
| 1 2 | mytuple = 1, 2 x, y = mytuple |
14、使用 time.time() 统计耗时
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 | def timing_with_time(): start = time.time() time.sleep(1) end = time.time() print(end - start) |
好的做法是使用 time.perf_counter(),更精确:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | def timing_with_time(): # more accurate start = time.perf_counter() time.sleep(1) end = time.perf_counter() print(end - start) |
15、记录日志使用 print 而不是 logging
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 | def print_vs_logging(): print("debug info") print("just some info") print("bad error") |
好的做法
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | def print_vs_logging(): # versus # in main level = logging.DEBUG fmt = '[%(levelname)s] %(asctime)s - %(message)s' logging.basicConfig(level=level, format=fmt) # wherever logging.debug("debug info") logging.info("just some info") logging.error("uh oh :(") |
16、调用外部命令时使用 shell=True
坏的做法
| 1 | subprocess.run(["ls -l"], capture_output=True, shell=True) |
如果 shell=True,则将 ls -l 传递给/bin/sh(shell) 而不是 Unix 上的 ls 程序,会导致 subprocess 产生一个中间 shell 进程, 换句话说,使用中间 shell 意味着在命令运行之前,命令字符串中的变量、glob 模式和其他特殊的 shell 功能都会被预处理。比如,$HOME 会在在执行 echo 命令之前被处理处理。
好的做法是拒绝从 shell 执行:
| 1 | subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"], capture_output=True) |
17、从不尝试使用 numpy
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 4 | def not_using_numpy_pandas(): x = list(range(100)) y = list(range(100)) s = [a + b for a, b in zip(x, y)] |
好的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | import numpy as np def not_using_numpy_pandas(): # 性能更快 x = np.arange(100) y = np.arange(100) s = x + y |
18、喜欢 import *
坏的做法
| 1 2 3 | from itertools import * count() |
这样的话,没有人直到这个脚本到底有多数变量, 好的做法:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | from mypackage.nearby_module import awesome_function def main(): awesome_function() if __name__ == '__main__': main() |
到此这篇关于梳理总结Python开发中需要摒弃的18个坏习惯的文章就介绍到这了。
