原因为未安装ca-certificates

可以先编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list 文件临时使用http源

vim /etc/apt/sources.list

粘贴或者更改源（https:// 到 http://)

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ buster main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ buster-updates main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ buster-backports main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free

然后安装ca-certificates包（注意：看到有的文章将源改为http便无下文，建议继续执行以下步骤改回https，使用http将大幅度提高网络风险）

apt update

apt install ca-certificates

安装完成后编辑源 /etc/apt/sources.list

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ buster main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ buster-updates main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ buster-backports main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free

执行apt update