实验四 蓝桥ROS1三维建模与仿真 适用kinetic/melodic/noetic

需要先完成实验1+2+3，不要直接看本实验。

实验三补充：

要求：

自定义机器人3D模型，创建一个URDF文件、xacro文件、Gazebo仿真

环境：

www.lanqiao.cn/courses/854

记录：

实验四补充

由于时间紧，实验复习聚焦到urdf+Gazebo。

tree：

shiyanlou:urdf/ $ roslaunch urdf_tutorial display.launch model:=07-physics.urdf 

urdf：

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="physics">

<material name="blue">
    <color rgba="0 0 0.8 1"/>
  </material>
  <material name="black">
    <color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
  </material>
  <material name="white">
    <color rgba="1 1 1 1"/>
  </material>

  <link name="base_link">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.6" radius="0.2"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="blue"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.6" radius="0.2"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="10"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <link name="right_leg">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.6 0.1 0.2"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="0 0 -0.3"/>
      <material name="white"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.6 0.1 0.2"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="0 0 -0.3"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="10"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>
  <joint name="base_to_right_leg" type="fixed">
    <parent link="base_link"/>
    <child link="right_leg"/>
    <origin xyz="0 -0.22 0.25"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="right_base">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.4 0.1 0.1"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="white"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.4 0.1 0.1"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="10"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="right_base_joint" type="fixed">
    <parent link="right_leg"/>
    <child link="right_base"/>
    <origin xyz="0 0 -0.6"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="right_front_wheel">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="black"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="1"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="right_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
    <axis rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 1 0"/>
    <parent link="right_base"/>
    <child link="right_front_wheel"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0.133333333333 0 -0.085"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="right_back_wheel">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="black"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="1"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="right_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
    <axis rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 1 0"/>
    <parent link="right_base"/>
    <child link="right_back_wheel"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="-0.133333333333 0 -0.085"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="left_leg">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.6 0.1 0.2"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="0 0 -0.3"/>
      <material name="white"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.6 0.1 0.2"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="0 0 -0.3"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="10"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="base_to_left_leg" type="fixed">
    <parent link="base_link"/>
    <child link="left_leg"/>
    <origin xyz="0 0.22 0.25"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="left_base">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.4 0.1 0.1"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="white"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.4 0.1 0.1"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="10"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="left_base_joint" type="fixed">
    <parent link="left_leg"/>
    <child link="left_base"/>
    <origin xyz="0 0 -0.6"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="left_front_wheel">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="black"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="1"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="left_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
    <axis rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 1 0"/>
    <parent link="left_base"/>
    <child link="left_front_wheel"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0.133333333333 0 -0.085"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="left_back_wheel">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="black"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <origin rpy="1.57075 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.1" radius="0.035"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="1"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="left_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
    <axis rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 1 0"/>
    <parent link="left_base"/>
    <child link="left_back_wheel"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="-0.133333333333 0 -0.085"/>
  </joint>

  <joint name="gripper_extension" type="prismatic">
    <parent link="base_link"/>
    <child link="gripper_pole"/>
    <limit effort="1000.0" lower="-0.38" upper="0" velocity="0.5"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0.19 0 0.2"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="gripper_pole">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.2" radius="0.01"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0 1.57075 0 " xyz="0.1 0 0"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.2" radius="0.01"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0 1.57075 0 " xyz="0.1 0 0"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="0.05"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="left_gripper_joint" type="revolute">
    <axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
    <limit effort="1000.0" lower="0.0" upper="0.548" velocity="0.5"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0.2 0.01 0"/>
    <parent link="gripper_pole"/>
    <child link="left_gripper"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="left_gripper">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="0.0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger.dae"/>
      </geometry>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger.dae"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0.0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="0.05"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="left_tip_joint" type="fixed">
    <parent link="left_gripper"/>
    <child link="left_tip"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="left_tip">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="0.0 0 0" xyz="0.09137 0.00495 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger_tip.dae"/>
      </geometry>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger_tip.dae"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="0.0 0 0" xyz="0.09137 0.00495 0"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="0.05"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="right_gripper_joint" type="revolute">
    <axis xyz="0 0 -1"/>
    <limit effort="1000.0" lower="0.0" upper="0.548" velocity="0.5"/>
    <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0.2 -0.01 0"/>
    <parent link="gripper_pole"/>
    <child link="right_gripper"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="right_gripper">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="-3.1415 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger.dae"/>
      </geometry>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger.dae"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="-3.1415 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="0.05"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="right_tip_joint" type="fixed">
    <parent link="right_gripper"/>
    <child link="right_tip"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="right_tip">
    <visual>
      <origin rpy="-3.1415 0 0" xyz="0.09137 0.00495 0"/>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger_tip.dae"/>
      </geometry>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <mesh filename="package://urdf_tutorial/meshes/l_finger_tip.dae"/>
      </geometry>
      <origin rpy="-3.1415 0 0" xyz="0.09137 0.00495 0"/>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="0.05"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <link name="head">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <sphere radius="0.2"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="white"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <sphere radius="0.2"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="2"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="head_swivel" type="continuous">
    <parent link="base_link"/>
    <child link="head"/>
    <axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
    <origin xyz="0 0 0.3"/>
  </joint>

  <link name="box">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.08 0.08 0.08"/>
      </geometry>
      <material name="blue"/>
      <origin xyz="-0.04 0 0"/>
    </visual>
    <collision>
      <geometry>
        <box size="0.08 0.08 0.08"/>
      </geometry>
    </collision>
    <inertial>
      <mass value="1"/>
      <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
    </inertial>
  </link>

  <joint name="tobox" type="fixed">
    <parent link="head"/>
    <child link="box"/>
    <origin xyz="0.1814 0 0.1414"/>
  </joint>

</robot>

launch：

<launch>

  <arg name="model" default="$(find urdf_tutorial)/urdf/r2d2.xacro"/>
  <arg name="gui" default="true" />
  <arg name="rvizconfig" default="$(find urdf_tutorial)/rviz/urdf.rviz" />

  <param name="robot_description" command="$(find xacro)/xacro.py $(arg model)" />
  <param name="use_gui" value="$(arg gui)"/>

  <node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
  <node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher" />
  <node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(arg rvizconfig)" required="true" />

</launch>

Gazebo： 

xacro

sudo apt install ros-kinetic-xacro

gazebo环境

思考：

1. 仿真一个四轮小机器人：

代码参考：gitcode.net/ZhangRelay/ros_book

效果如下

2. 仿真案例学习：

代码参考：gitcode.net/ZhangRelay/urdf_tutorial

效果如下